Oda Nobunaga
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Oda Nobunaga
織田信長 |
|---|
| June 23, 1534 (1534-06-23) – June 21, 1582 (1582-06-22) (aged 47) |
Oda Nobunaga in a 16th century century portrait |
Father
Place of birth | Oda Kazusanosuke
Nagoya Castle, Owari Province |
| Place of death | Honnō-ji, Kyoto |
[show]
Campaigns of Oda Nobunaga |
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Oda Nobunaga (織田 信長, 
Oda Nobunaga (help·info)?, June 23, 1534 – June 21, 1582) was the initiator of the unification of
Japan under the rule of the
shogun in the late 16th century, a rule that ended only with the opening of Japan to the Western world in 1868. He was also a major
daimyo during the
Sengoku period of
Japanese history. His opus was continued, completed and finalized by his successors
Toyotomi Hideyoshi and
Tokugawa Ieyasu. He was the second son of
Oda Nobuhide, a deputy
shugo (military governor) with land holdings in
Owari Province.
[1][2] Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, eventually conquering a third of Japanese daimyo before his death in 1582. His successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a loyal Oda supporter, would eventually become the first man to conquer all of
Japan and the first ruler of all Japan since the
Ōnin War.
[edit] Biography
Oda Nobunaga was born on June 23, 1534, and was given the childhood name of
Kippōshi (吉法師?).
[1][2] He was the second son of
Oda Nobuhide. Through his childhood and early teenage years, he was well known for his bizarre behavior and received the name of
Owari no Ōutsuke (尾張の大うつけ?, The Fool of Owari). With the introduction of firearms into Japan, though, he became known for his fondness of
Tanegashima firearms. He was also known to run around with other youths from the area, without any regard to his own rank in society. He is said to be born in
Nagoya Castle, although this is subject to debate. It is however certain that he was born in the Owari domain.
[edit] Unification of Owari Province
In 1551, Oda Nobuhide died unexpectedly and, during his funeral, Nobunaga was said to have acted outrageously, throwing the ceremonial incense at the altar.
[3] This act alienated many Oda retainers, convincing them of Nobunaga's mediocrity and lack of discipline and they began to side with his more soft-spoken and well-mannered brother,
Nobuyuki.
Hirate Masahide, who was a valuable mentor and retainer to Nobunaga, was ashamed by Nobunaga's behavior and performed
seppuku. This had a huge effect on Nobunaga, who later built a temple to honor Masahide.
[1]
Though Nobunaga was Nobuhide's legitimate successor, the
Oda clan was divided into many factions. Furthermore, the entire clan was technically under the control of Owari's
shugo,
Shiba Yoshimune. Thus
Oda Nobutomo, as the brother to the deceased Nobuhide and deputy to the
shugo, used the powerless Yoshimune as his puppet and challenged Nobunaga's place as Owari's new ruler. Nobutomo murdered Yoshimune when it was discovered that he supported and attempted to aid Nobunaga.
To increase his power, Nobunaga persuaded Oda Nobumitsu, a younger brother of Nobuhide, to join his side and, with Nobumitsu's help, slew Nobutomo in
Kiyosu Castle, which later became Nobunaga's place of residence for over ten years. Taking advantage of the position of Shiba Yoshikane, Yoshimune's son, as the rightful
shugo, Nobunaga forged an alliance with the
Imagawa clan of
Suruga Province and the
Kira clan of
Mikawa Province, as both clans had the same
shugo and would have no excuse to decline. Additionally, this also ensured that the Imagawa clan would have to stop attacking Owari's borders.
Even though Nobuyuki and his supporters were still at large, Nobunaga decided to bring an army to
Mino Province to aid
Saitō Dōsan after Dōsan's son, Saitō Yoshitatsu, turned against him. The campaign failed, however, as Dōsan was killed and Yoshitatsu became the new master of Mino in 1556.
A few months later, Nobuyuki, with the support of
Shibata Katsuie and
Hayashi Hidesada, rebelled against Nobunaga. The three conspirators were defeated at the Battle of Inō, but they were pardoned after the intervention of
Tsuchida Gozen, the birth mother of both Nobunaga and Nobuyuki. The next year, however, Nobuyuki again planned to rebel. When Nobunaga was informed of this by Shibata Katsuie, he faked illness to get close to Nobuyuki and assassinated him in Kiyosu Castle.
By 1559, Nobunaga had eliminated all opposition within the clan and throughout
Owari Province. He continued to use Shiba Yoshikane as an excuse to make peace with other daimyo, although it was later discovered that Yoshikane had secretly corresponded with the Kira and Imagawa clans, trying to oust Nobunaga and restore the
Shiba clan's place. Nobunaga eventually cast him out, making alliances created in the Shiba clan's name void.
[edit] Battle of Okehazama
In 1560,
Imagawa Yoshimoto gathered an army of 25,000 men
[1][4] and started his march toward
Kyoto, with the excuse of aiding the frail
Ashikaga shogunate. The
Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province was also to join Yoshimoto's forces. In comparison, the Oda clan could rally an army of only 1,800,
[citation needed] and the forces would also have to be split up to defend various forts at the border. Under such dire circumstances, Nobunaga was said to have performed his favorite Atsumori dance at
Kiyosu Castle, before riding off with only a few attendants to pray in a shrine. The Oda clan's generals did not believe that they would survive the attack from Imagawa Yoshimoto's army. Only the night before, Shibata Katsuie had tried in vain to change Oda Nobunaga's mind about a frontal attack; he kept reminding Nobunaga of the joint army's complete lack of manpower compared to the Imagawa soldiers, who, according to rumors, numbered 40,000 men.
[citation needed] Hayashi Sado no Kami Hidesada, the remaining advisor from Nobuhide's days, even argued for surrender without fighting, using the same reasoning as Katsuie.
[citation needed]
Nobunaga's scouts reported that Yoshimoto was resting his troops at a place called Dengaku-hazama, near a small village called Okehazama. Nobunaga knew the countryside well. Dengaku-hazama was a narrow gorge, an ideal place for a surprise attack if the conditions were right. The scouts added that the Imagawa army were celebrating their victories with food and drink while Yoshimoto viewed the heads. Nobunaga moved up towards Imagawa's camp, and set up a position some distance away. An array of flags and dummy troops made of straw and spare helmets gave the impression of a large host, while the real Oda army hurried round in a rapid march to get behind Yoshimoto's camp. Fortune and weather favored Nobunaga, for about mid-day the stifling heat gave way to a terrific thunderstorm. As the Imagawa samurai sheltered from the rain Nobunaga deployed his troops, and when the storm ceased they charged down upon the enemy in the gorge. So sudden was the attack that Yoshimoto thought a brawl had broken out among his men. He realized it was an attack when two samurai (Mōri Shinsuke and Hattori Koheita)
[5] charged up. One aimed a spear at him, which Yoshimoto deflected with his sword, but the second swung his blade and cut off Imagawa's head.
[citation needed]
Rapidly weakening, the Imagawa clan no longer exerted control over the Matsudaira clan. In 1561, an alliance was forged between Oda Nobunaga and Matsudaira Motoyasu (who would become Tokugawa Ieyasu), despite the decades-old hostility between the two clans. Tradition dates this battle as the time that Nobunaga first noticed the talents of the sandal bearer who would eventually become Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
[edit] Tenka Fubu
In Mino, Saitō Yoshitatsu died suddenly of illness in 1561, and was succeeded by his son,
Saitō Tatsuoki. Tatsuoki, however, was young and much less effective as a ruler and military strategist compared to his father and grandfather. Taking advantage of this situation, Nobunaga moved his base to Komaki Castle and started his campaign in Mino. By convincing Saitō retainers to abandon their incompetent and foolish master, Nobunaga weakened the
Saitō clan significantly, eventually mounting a final attack in 1567. Nobunaga captured
Inabayama Castle and sent Tatsuoki into exile.
After taking possession of the castle, Nobunaga changed the name of both the
castle and the surrounding town to
Gifu. Remains of Nobunaga's residence in Gifu can be found today in
Gifu Park.
[6] Naming it after the legendary Mount Qi (岐山
Qi in
Standard Chinese) in
China, on which the
Zhou dynasty started, Nobunaga revealed his ambition to conquer the whole of Japan. He also started using a new personal
seal that read
Tenka Fubu (天下布武),
[7] which means "Spread the militarism over the whole land", or literally "... under the sky" (see
all under heaven). In 1564, Nobunaga had his sister,
Oichi, marry
Azai Nagamasa, a daimyo in northern
Ōmi Province. This would later help pave the way to Kyoto.
In 1568,
Ashikaga Yoshiaki went to Gifu to ask Nobunaga to start a campaign toward Kyoto. Yoshiaki was the brother of the murdered thirteenth shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate,
Yoshiteru, and wanted revenge against the killers who had already set up a puppet shogun,
Ashikaga Yoshihide. Nobunaga agreed to install Yoshiaki as the new shogun and, grasping the opportunity to enter Kyoto, started his campaign. An obstacle in southern Ōmi Province, however, was the
Rokkaku clan. Led by Rokkaku Yoshikata, the clan refused to recognize Yoshiaki as shogun and was ready to go to war. In response, Nobunaga launched a rapid attack, driving the Rokkaku clan out of their castles.
Within a short amount of time, Nobunaga had reached Kyoto and driven the
Miyoshi clan out of the city. Yoshiaki was made the 15th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. Nobunaga refused the post of
Kanrei and eventually began to restrict the powers of the shogun, making it clear that he intended to use him as a puppet to justify his future conquests. Yoshiaki, however, was not pleased about being a puppet and secretly corresponded with various daimyo, forging an anti-Nobunaga alliance.
The Asakura clan was particularly disdainful of the Oda clan's increasing power because, historically, the Oda clan had been subordinate to the Asakura clan. Furthermore,
Asakura Yoshikage had also protected Ashikaga Yoshiaki, but had not been willing to march toward Kyoto. Thus, the Asakura clan also despised Nobunaga the most for his success.
When Nobunaga launched a campaign into the Asakura clan's domain, Azai Nagamasa, to whom Oichi was married, broke the alliance with Oda to honor the Azai-Asakura alliance which had lasted for generations. With the help of
Ikko rebels, the anti-Nobunaga alliance sprang into full force, taking a heavy toll on the Oda clan. At the
Battle of Anegawa, Tokugawa Ieyasu joined forces with Nobunaga and defeated the combined forces of the Asakura and Azai clans.
Nobunaga waged war even against
Buddhists when they armed themselves and did not obey him. The
Enryaku-ji monastery on
Mt. Hiei, with its
sōhei (warrior monks) of the
Tendai school who aided the anti-Nobunaga group by helping Azai-Asakura alliance, was a particular thorn in Nobunaga's side, residing as it did so close to his residence in Kyoto. Nobunaga attacked Enryaku-ji and burnt it to the ground in 1571, even though it had been admired as a significant cultural symbol at the time, and killed between 3,000 and 4,000 men, women and children in the process.
During the siege of
Nagashima, Nobunaga suffered tremendous losses, including the death of a couple of his brothers, to the
Ikkō-ikki resistance, a coalition of peasant farmers, monks, Shinto priests and local nobles that opposed samurai rule.
The siege finally ended when Nobunaga surrounded the enemy complex and set fire to it, killing tens of thousands of non-combatants, including women and children. He later succeeded in taking their main stronghold at
Ishiyama Hongan-ji after an 11-year siege that ended with its surrender.
Through the years, Nobunaga was able to further consolidate his position and conquer his enemies through brutality.
One of the strongest rulers in the anti-Nobunaga alliance was
Takeda Shingen, in spite of his generally peaceful relationship and a nominal alliance with the Oda clan. In 1572, at the urgings of the shogun, Shingen decided to make a drive for the capital starting with invading Tokugawa's territory. Tied down on the Western front, Nobunaga sent lackluster aid to Ieyasu, who suffered defeat at the
Battle of Mikatagahara in 1573. However, after the battle, Tokugawa's forces launched night raids and convinced Takeda of an imminent counter-attack, thus saving the vulnerable Tokugawa with the bluff. This would play a pivotal role in Tokugawa's philosophy of strategic patience in his campaigns with Oda Nobunaga. Shortly thereafter, the Takeda forces retreated after Shingen died of illness in 1573. This was a relief for Nobunaga because he could now focus on Yoshiaki, who had openly declared hostility more than once, despite the imperial court's intervention. Nobunaga was able to defeat Yoshiaki's weak forces and send him into exile, bringing the Ashikaga shogunate to an end in the same year.
Also in 1573, Nobunaga successfully destroyed the Asakura and Azai clans, leading Azai Nagamasa to send Oichi back to Nobunaga and commit suicide. With Nagashima's destruction in 1574, the only threat to Nobunaga was the
Takeda clan, now led by
Takeda Katsuyori.
At the decisive
Battle of Nagashino, the combined forces of Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu devastated the Takeda clan with the strategic use of
arquebuses. Nobunaga compensated for the arquebus' slow reloading time by arranging the arquebusiers in three lines. After each line fired, it would duck and reload as the next line fired. The bullets were able to pierce the Takeda cavalry armor, causing chaos among the Takeda cavalry, who were pushed back and killed by incoming fire. From there, Nobunaga continued his expansion, sending
Shibata Katsuie and
Maeda Toshiie to the north and
Akechi Mitsuhide to
Tamba Province.
The Oda clan's siege of
Ishiyama Hongan-ji in
Osaka made some progress, but the Mori clan of the
Chūgoku region broke the naval blockade and started sending supplies into the strongly fortified complex by sea. As a result, in 1577, Hashiba Hideyoshi was ordered to expand west to confront the Mori clan.
However,
Uesugi Kenshin, said to be the greatest general of his time since the demise of Takeda Shingen, took part in the second anti-Nobunaga alliance. Following his conquest of neighboring forces, the two sides clashed during the
Battle of Tedorigawa which resulted in a decisive Uesugi victory. It was around this time that Uesugi forces began preparations to march on Kyoto.
Due to his defeat, Nobunaga's expansion in Noto, Kaga, and Etchū Province area was stagnant for a while. But Kenshin, who prepared to move his armies again after the battle, died from a possible cerebral hemorrhage before moving them. After Kenshin's death and much confusion among his successors, Nobunaga started his campaign on this area again.
Nobunaga forced the Ishiyama Hongan-ji to surrender in 1580 and destroyed the Takeda clan in 1582. Nobunaga's administration was at its height of power and he was about to launch invasions into
Echigo Province and
Shikoku.
[edit] Incident at Honnō-ji
In 1582, his former sandal bearer
Hashiba Hideyoshi invaded Bichu Province, laying siege to Takamatsu Castle. However, the castle was vital to the Mori clan, and losing it would leave the Mori home domain vulnerable. Led by
Mōri Terumoto, reinforcements arrived outside Takamatsu Castle, and the two sides came to a standstill. Hashiba asked for reinforcements from Nobunaga.
It has often been argued that Hideyoshi had no need for reinforcements, but asked Nobunaga anyway for various reasons. Most believe that Hideyoshi, envied and hated by fellow generals for his swift rise from a lowly footman to a top general under Oda Nobunaga, wanted to give the credit for taking Takamatsu to Nobunaga so as to humble himself in front of other Oda vassals.
In any case, Nobunaga ordered
Niwa Nagahide to prepare for an invasion of
Shikoku, and Akechi Mitsuhide to assist Hideyoshi. En route to
Chūgoku region, Nobunaga stayed at
Honnō-ji, a temple in Kyoto. Since Nobunaga would not expect an attack in the middle of his firmly-controlled territories, he was guarded by only a few dozen personal servants and bodyguards.
Mitsuhide chose this time to take a unit of his men and quickly surround the Honnō-ji while sending another unit of Akechi troops to assault
Nijō Castle, initiating a full
coup d'état. At Honnō-ji, Nobunaga's small entourage was soon overwhelmed and as the Akechi troops closed in on the burning temple where Nobunaga had been residing, he decided to commit
seppuku in one of the inner rooms.
[8] Nobunaga's son died in the fighting before the temple, and only Nobunaga's young page,
Mori Ranmaru, remained at his master's side. The young page had served Nobunaga for many years, and was still in his teens at the time of the attack. Ranmaru's loyalty and devotion to his lord were widely known and praised during the Edo period. He attended to Nobunaga as he sought a moment of peace to carry out his last act, then Ranmaru likewise killed himself in the same way.
The cause of Mitsuhide's betrayal has been actively debated for centuries. It has been proposed that Mitsuhide may have heard a rumor that Nobunaga would transfer Mitsuhide's fief to the page, Mori Ranmaru, with whom Nobunaga is alleged to have been in a ritualized homosexual relationship, a form of patronage, known as
shudō.
[9] Other motives include revenge for Nobunaga's numerous insults and derisive treatment of Mitsuhide, or Mitsuhide's jealousy as Nobunaga had shown greater favor toward another vassal, Hashiba Hideyoshi.
Just eleven days after the coup at Honnō-ji, Mitsuhide was killed at the
Battle of Yamazaki and his army was defeated by Hashiba Hideyoshi, who eventually became heir to Nobunaga's legacy. He is more widely known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
[edit] Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who unified Japan in 1590, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who founded the
Tokugawa Shogunate in 1603, were loyal followers of Nobunaga. These two were gifted with Nobunaga's previous achievements on which they could build a unified Japan. There was a saying: "Nobunaga pounds the national rice cake, Hideyoshi kneads it, and in the end Ieyasu sits down and eats it."
[10]
Hideyoshi was brought up from a nameless peasant to be one of Nobunaga's top generals. When he became a grand minister in 1586, he created a law that the
samurai caste became codified as permanent and heritable, and that non-samurai were forbidden to carry weapons, thereby ending the social mobility of Japan from which he himself had benefited. These restrictions lasted until the dissolution of the
Edo Shogunate by the
Meiji Restoration revolutionaries. Hideyoshi secured his claim as the rightful successor of Nobunaga by defeating Akechi Mitsuhide within a month of Nobunaga's death.
It is important to note that the distinction between samurai and non-samurai was so obscure that during the 16th century, most male adults in any social class (even small farmers) belonged to at least one military organization of their own and served in wars before and during Hideyoshi's rule. It can be said that an "all against all" situation continued for a century. The authorized samurai families after the 17th century were those that chose to follow Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu. Large battles occurred during the change between regimes and a number of defeated samurai were destroyed, became
ronin or were absorbed into the general populace.
Ieyasu had shared his childhood with Nobunaga as a hostage of the Oda clan. Though there were a number of battles between Ieyasu and the Oda clan, Ieyasu eventually switched sides and became one of Nobunaga's strongest allies.
[edit] Policies
Militarily, Nobunaga's revolutionary vision not only changed the way war was fought in
Japan, but also in turn made one of the most modernized forces in the world at that time.
[citation needed] He developed, implemented, and expanded the use of long
pikes,
firearms and
castle fortifications
[citation needed] in accordance with the expanded mass battles of the period. Nobunaga also instituted a specialized warrior class system and appointed his retainers and subjects to positions based on ability, not wholly based on name, rank, or family relationship as in prior periods. Retainers were also given land on the basis of rice output, not land size. Nobunaga's organizational system in particular was later used and extensively developed by his ally Tokugawa Ieyasu in the forming of the
Tokugawa shogunate in
Edo.
Nobunaga's dominance and brilliance was not restricted to the battlefield, for he also was a keen businessman and understood the principles of
microeconomics and
macroeconomics. First, in order to modernize the economy from an agricultural base to a manufacture and service base, castle towns were developed as the center and basis of local economies.
[citation needed] Roads were also made within his domain between castle towns to not only facilitate
trade, but also to move armies great distances in short timespans.
International trade was also expanded beyond
China and the
Korean peninsula, while
nanban (southern barbarian) trade with
Europe, the
Philippines,
Siam, and
Indonesia was also started.
Nobunaga also instituted
rakuichi rakuza (楽市楽座?) policies as a way to stimulate business and the overall
economy through the use of a free market system.
[6] These policies abolished and prohibited
monopolies and opened once closed and privileged unions, associations, and
guilds, which he saw as impediments to
commerce. Copies of his original proclamations can be found in Entoku-ji in the city of
Gifu.
[6] He also developed
tax exemptions and established laws to regulate and ease the borrowing of debt.
[edit] Culture
As Nobunaga conquered Japan and amassed a great amount of wealth, he progressively supported the
arts for which he always had an interest, but which he later and gradually more importantly used as a display of his power and prestige. He built extensive gardens and castles which were themselves great works of art.
Azuchi Castle on the shores of
Lake Biwa is said to have been the greatest castle in the
history of Japan, covered with gold and statues on the outside and decorated with standing screen, sliding door, wall, and ceiling paintings made by his subject
Kano Eitoku on the inside. During this time, Nobunaga's subject and tea master
Sen no Rikyu established the
Japanese tea ceremony which Nobunaga popularized and used originally as a way to talk politics and business. The beginnings of modern
kabuki were started and later fully developed in the early
Edo period.
Additionally, Nobunaga was very interested in European culture which was still very new to Japan. He collected pieces of Western art as well as arms and armor, and he is considered to be among the first Japanese people in recorded history to wear European clothes. He also became the patron of the
Jesuit missionaries in Japan and supported the establishment of the first Christian church in Kyoto in 1576,
[11] although he never converted to
Christianity. During a visit by the Jesuits in March of 1581, Nobunaga's interest was piqued by a slave in the service of a Jesuit inspector of missions, and it was requested that he be left in Nobunaga's service. This slave, later called by the Japanese name
Yasuke, was highly favored by Nobunaga and fought in the final battle at Honnō-ji.
[edit] Legacy
Nobunaga is remembered in Japan as one of the most brutal figures of the Sengoku period. Nobunaga was the first of three unifiers during the Sengoku period. These unifiers were (in order) Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (also called Hashiba Hideyoshi above) and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Oda Nobunaga was well on his way to the complete conquest and unification of Japan when Akechi Mitsuhide, one of his generals, forced Nobunaga into committing suicide in Honnō-ji in Kyoto. Akechi then proceeded to declare himself master over Nobunaga's domains, but was quickly defeated by Hideyoshi.
[edit] Family
The butterfly
mon of the Taira is called
Ageha-cho (揚羽蝶) in Japanese
Depending upon the source, Oda Nobunaga and the entire Oda clan are descendents of either the
Fujiwara clan or the
Taira clan (specifically,
Taira no Shigemori's branch). His lineage can be directly traced to his great-great-grandfather, Oda Hisanaga, who was followed by Oda Toshisada, Oda Nobusada,
Oda Nobuhide and Nobunaga himself.
[edit] Immediate family
Nobunaga was the eldest legitimate son of Nobuhide, a minor warlord from Owari Province, and
Tsuchida Gozen, who was also the mother to three of his brothers (
Nobuyuki,
Nobukane and
Hidetaka) and two of his sisters (Oinu and Oichi). His brothers are listed as follows:
[edit] Descendants
Nobunaga married
Nōhime, the daughter of Saitō Dōsan, as a matter of political strategy;
[1] however, she bore him no children and was considered to be barren. It was his concubines
Kitsuno and Lady Saka who bore him his children. It was Kitsuno who gave birth to Nobunaga's eldest son,
Nobutada. Nobutada's son,
Oda Hidenobu, became ruler of the Oda clan after the deaths of Nobunaga and Nobutada.
[edit] Other relatives
One of Nobunaga's younger sisters, Oichi, gave birth to three daughters. These three nieces of Nobunaga became involved with important historical figures.
Chacha (also known as Lady Yodo), the eldest, became the mistress of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
O-Hatsu married
Kyōgoku Takatsugu. The youngest,
O-go, married the son of Tokugawa Ieyasu,
Tokugawa Hidetada (the second shogun of the
Tokugawa shogunate). O-go's daughter
Senhime married her cousin Toyotomi Hideyori, Lady Yodo's son.
Nobunaga's nephew was
Tsuda Nobusumi, the son of Nobuyuki. Nobusumi married Akechi Mitsuhide's daughter, and was killed after the Incident at Honnō-ji by Nobunaga's third son, Nobutaka, who suspected him of being involved in the plot.
[edit] Later descendants
Nobunari Oda, a competitive figure skater in Japan, is the 17th direct descendant of Nobunaga.
[12][13] The Japanese ex-monk celebrity Mudō Oda also claims descent from the Sengoku period warlord, but his claims have not been verified.
Iraq
